One of the major strengths of Python is in exploratory data science and visualization, using tools such as Pandas, numpy, sklearn for data analysis and matplotlib plotting. Buiding GUI applications with PyQt gives you access to all these Python tools directly from within your app, allowing you to build complex data-driven apps and interactive dashboards.
While it is possible to embed matplotlib plots in PyQt the experience does not feel entirely native. For simple and highly interactive plots you may want to consider using PyQtGraph instead. PyQtGraph is built on top of Qt's native QGraphicsScene giving better drawing performance, particularly for live data, as well as providing interactivity and the ability to easily customize plots with Qt graphics widgets.
In this tutorial we'll walk through the first steps of creating a plot widget with PyQtGraph and then demonstrate plot customization using line colours, line type, axis labels, background colour and plotting multiple lines.
Getting started
To be able to use PyQtGraph with PyQt you first need to install the package to your Python environment. You can do this as normal using pip.
pip install pyqtgraph
Once the installation is complete you should be able to import the module as normal.
Creating a PyQtGraph widget
In PyQtGraph all plots are created using the PlotWidget widget. This widget provides a contained canvas on which plots of any type can be added and configured. Under the hood, this plot widget uses Qt native QGraphicsScene meaning it fast and efficient yet simple to integrate with the rest of your app. You can create a PlotWidget as for any other widget.
The basic template app, with a single PlotWidget in a QMainWindow is shown below.
In the following examples we'll create the PyQtGraph widget in code. Want to know how to embed PyQtGraph when using Qt Designer? See Embedding custom widgets from Qt Designer
from PyQt6 import QtWidgets
from pyqtgraph import PlotWidget, plot
import pyqtgraph as pg
import sys # We need sys so that we can pass argv to QApplication
import os
class MainWindow(QtWidgets.QMainWindow):
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super(MainWindow, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
self.graphWidget = pg.PlotWidget()
self.setCentralWidget(self.graphWidget)
hour = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]
temperature = [30,32,34,32,33,31,29,32,35,45]
# plot data: x, y values
self.graphWidget.plot(hour, temperature)
def main():
app = QtWidgets.QApplication(sys.argv)
main = MainWindow()
main.show()
sys.exit(app.exec())
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
In all our examples below we import PyQtGraph using import pyqtgraph as pg. This is a common convention in PyQtGraph examples to keep things tidy & reduce typing. You an import and use it as import pyqtgraph if you prefer.
The custom PyQtGraph widget showing dummy data.
The default plot style of PyQtGraph is quite bare — a black background with a thin (barely visible) white line. In the next section we'll look at what options we have available to us in PyQtGraph to improve the appearance and usability of our plots.
Styling plots
PyQtGraph uses Qt's QGraphicsScene to render the graphs. This gives us access to all the standard Qt line and shape styling options for use in plots. However, PyQtGraph provides an API for using these to draw plots and manage the plot canvas.
Below we'll go through the most common styling features you'll need to create and customize your own plots.
Background Colour
Beginning with the app skeleton above, we can change the background colour by calling .setBackground on our PlotWidget instance (in self.graphWidget). The code below will set the background to white, by passing in the string 'w'.
self.graphWidget.setBackground('w')
You can set (and update) the background colour of the plot at any time.
from PyQt6 import QtWidgets
from pyqtgraph import PlotWidget, plot
import pyqtgraph as pg
import sys # We need sys so that we can pass argv to QApplication
import os
class MainWindow(QtWidgets.QMainWindow):
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super(MainWindow, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
self.graphWidget = pg.PlotWidget()
self.setCentralWidget(self.graphWidget)
hour = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]
temperature = [30,32,34,32,33,31,29,32,35,45]
self.graphWidget.setBackground('w')
self.graphWidget.plot(hour, temperature)
def main():
app = QtWidgets.QApplication(sys.argv)
main = MainWindow()
main.show()
sys.exit(app.exec())
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
Change PyQtGraph Plot Background to White
There are a number of simple colours available using single letters, based on the standard colours used in matplotlib. They're pretty unsurprising, except that 'k' is used for black.
In addition to these single letter codes, you can also set more complex colours using hex notation eg. #672922 as a string.
self.graphWidget.setBackground('#bbccaa') # hex
RGB and RGBA values can be passed in as a 3-tuple or 4-tuple respectively, using values 0-255.
self.graphWidget.setBackground((100,50,255)) # RGB each 0-255
self.graphWidget.setBackground((100,50,255,25)) # RGBA (A = alpha opacity)
Lastly, you can also specify colours using Qt's QColor type directly.
from PyQt6 import QtGui # Place this at the top of your file.
self.graphWidget.setBackground(QtGui.QColor(100,50,254,25))
This can be useful if you're using specific QColor objects elsewhere in your application, or to set your plot background to the default GUI background colour.
color = self.palette().color(QtGui.QPalette.Window) # Get the default window background,
self.graphWidget.setBackground(color)
Line Colour, Width & Style
Lines in PyQtGraph are drawn using standard Qt QPen types. This gives you the same full control over line drawing as you would have in any other QGraphicsScene drawing. To use a pen to plot a line, you simply create a new QPen instance and pass it into the plot method.
Below we create a QPen object, passing in a 3-tuple of int values specifying an RGB value (of full red). We could also define this by passing 'r', or a QColor object. Then we pass this into plot with the pen parameter.
pen = pg.mkPen(color=(255, 0, 0))
self.graphWidget.plot(hour, temperature, pen=pen)
The complete code is shown below.
from PyQt6 import QtWidgets
from pyqtgraph import PlotWidget, plot
import pyqtgraph as pg
import sys # We need sys so that we can pass argv to QApplication
import os
class MainWindow(QtWidgets.QMainWindow):
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super(MainWindow, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
self.graphWidget = pg.PlotWidget()
self.setCentralWidget(self.graphWidget)
hour = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]
temperature = [30,32,34,32,33,31,29,32,35,45]
self.graphWidget.setBackground('w')
pen = pg.mkPen(color=(255, 0, 0))
self.graphWidget.plot(hour, temperature, pen=pen)
def main():
app = QtWidgets.QApplication(sys.argv)
main = MainWindow()
main.show()
sys.exit(app.exec())
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
Changing Line Colour
By changing the QPen object we can change the appearance of the line, including both line width in pixels and style (dashed, dotted, etc.) using standard Qt line styles. For example, the following example creates a 15px width dashed line in red.
pen = pg.mkPen(color=(255, 0, 0), width=15, style=QtCore.Qt.DashLine)
The result is shown below, giving a 15px dashed red line.
Changing Line Width and Style
The standard Qt line styles can all be used, including Qt.SolidLine, Qt.DashLine, Qt.DotLine, Qt.DashDotLine and Qt.DashDotDotLine. Examples of each of these lines are shown in the image below, and you can read more in the Qt Documentation.
Qt Line Types
Line Markers
For many plots it can be helpful to place markers in addition or instead of lines on the plot. To draw a marker on the plot, pass the symbol to use as a marker when calling .plot as shown below.
self.graphWidget.plot(hour, temperature, symbol='+')
In addition to symbol you can also pass in symbolSize, symbolBrush and symbolPen parameters. The value passed as symbolBrush can be any colour, or QBrush type, while symbolPen can be passed any colour or a QPen instance. The pen is used to draw the outline of the shape, while brush is used for the fill.
For example the below code will give a blue cross marker of size 30, on a thick red line.
pen = pg.mkPen(color=(255, 0, 0), width=15, style=QtCore.Qt.DashLine)
self.graphWidget.plot(hour, temperature, pen=pen, symbol='+', symbolSize=30, symbolBrush=('b'))
Adding Symbols on Line
In addition to the + plot marker, PyQtGraph supports the following standard markers shown in the table below. These can all be used in the same way.
If you have more complex requirements you can also pass in any QPainterPath object, allowing you to draw completely custom marker shapes.
Plot Titles
Chart titles are important to provide context to what is shown on a given chart. In PyQtGraph you can add a main plot title using the setTitle() method on the PlotWidget, passing in your title string.
self.graphWidget.setTitle("Your Title Here")
You can apply text styles, including colours, font sizes and weights to your titles (and any other labels in PyQtGraph) by passing additional arguments. The available syle arguments are shown below.
The code below sets the color to blue with a font size of 30px.
self.graphWidget.setTitle("Your Title Here", color="b", size="30pt")
You can also style your headers with HTML tag syntax if you prefer, although it's less readable.
self.graphWidget.setTitle("<span style=\"color:blue;font-size:30pt\">Your Title Here</span>")
Adding Chart Title
Axis Labels
Similar to titles, we can use the setLabel() method to create our axis titles. This requires two parameters, position and text. The position can be any one of 'left,'right','top','bottom' which describe the position of the axis on which the text is placed. The 2nd parameter text is the text you want to use for the label.
You can pass additional style parameters into the method. These differ slightly than for the title, in that they need to be valid CSS name-value pairs. For example, the size is now font-size. Because the name font-size has a hyphen in it, you cannot pass it directly as a parameter, but must use the **dictionary method.
styles = {'color':'r', 'font-size':'20px'}
self.graphWidget.setLabel('left', 'Temperature (°C)', **styles)
self.graphWidget.setLabel('bottom', 'Hour (H)', **styles)
These also support HTML syntax for styling if you prefer.
self.graphWidget.setLabel('left', "<span style=\"color:red;font-size:20px\">Temperature (°C)</span>")
self.graphWidget.setLabel('bottom', "<span style=\"color:red;font-size:20px\">Hour (H)</span>")
Add Axis Labels
Legends
In addition to the axis and plot titles you will often want to show a legend identifying what a given line represents. This is particularly important when you start adding multiple lines to a plot. Adding a legend to a plot can be accomplished by calling .addLegend on the PlotWidget, however before this will work you need to provide a name for each line when calling .plot().
The example below assigns a name "Sensor 1" to the line we are plotting with .plot(). This name will be used to identify the line in the legend.
self.graphWidget.plot(hour, temperature, name = "Sensor 1", pen = NewPen, symbol='+', symbolSize=30, symbolBrush=('b'))
self.graphWidget.addLegend()
Add Legend
The legend appears in the top left by default. If you would like to move it, you can easily drag and drop the legend elsewhere. You can also specify a default offset by passing a 2-tuple to the offset parameter when creating the legend.
Background Grid
Adding a background grid can make your plots easier to read, particularly when trying to compare relative x & y values against each other. You can turn on a background grid for your plot by calling .showGrid on your PlotWidget. You can toggle x and y grids independently.
The following with create the grid for both the X and Y axis.
self.graphWidget.showGrid(x=True, y=True)
Add Grid
Setting Axis Limits
Sometimes it can be useful to restrict the range of data which is visible on the plot, or to lock the axis to a consistent range regardless of the data input (e.g. a known min-max range). In PyQtGraph this can be done using the .setXRange() and .setYRange() methods. These force the plot to only show data within the specified ranges on each axis.
Below we set two ranges, one on each axis. The 1st argument is the minimum value and the 2nd is the maximum.
self.graphWidget.setXRange(5, 20, padding=0)
self.graphWidget.setYRange(30, 40, padding=0)
A optional padding argument causes the range to be set larger than specified by the specified fraction (this between 0.02 and 0.1 by default, depending on the size of the ViewBox). If you want to remove this padding entirely, pass 0.
self.graphWidget.setXRange(5, 20, padding=0)
self.graphWidget.setYRange(30, 40, padding=0)
The complete code so far is shown below:
from PyQt6 import QtWidgets, QtCore
from pyqtgraph import PlotWidget, plot
import pyqtgraph as pg
import sys # We need sys so that we can pass argv to QApplication
import os
class MainWindow(QtWidgets.QMainWindow):
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super(MainWindow, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
self.graphWidget = pg.PlotWidget()
self.setCentralWidget(self.graphWidget)
hour = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]
temperature = [30,32,34,32,33,31,29,32,35,45]
#Add Background colour to white
self.graphWidget.setBackground('w')
# Add Title
self.graphWidget.setTitle("Your Title Here", color="b", size="30pt")
# Add Axis Labels
styles = {"color": "#f00", "font-size": "20px"}
self.graphWidget.setLabel("left", "Temperature (°C)", **styles)
self.graphWidget.setLabel("bottom", "Hour (H)", **styles)
#Add legend
self.graphWidget.addLegend()
#Add grid
self.graphWidget.showGrid(x=True, y=True)
#Set Range
self.graphWidget.setXRange(0, 10, padding=0)
self.graphWidget.setYRange(20, 55, padding=0)
pen = pg.mkPen(color=(255, 0, 0))
self.graphWidget.plot(hour, temperature, name="Sensor 1", pen=pen, symbol='+', symbolSize=30, symbolBrush=('b'))
def main():
app = QtWidgets.QApplication(sys.argv)
main = MainWindow()
main.show()
sys.exit(app.exec())
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
Set Axis Range
Plotting multiple lines
It is common for plots to involve more than one line. In PyQtGraph this is as simple as calling .plot() multiple times on the same PlotWidget. In the following example we're going to plot two lines of similar data, using the same line styles, thicknesses etc. for each, but changing the line colour.
To simplify this we can create our own custom plot method on our MainWindow. This accepts x and y parameters to plot, the name of the line (for the legend) and a colour. We use the colour for both the line and marker colour.
def plot(self, x, y, plotname, color):
pen = pg.mkPen(color=color)
self.graphWidget.plot(x, y, name=plotname, pen=pen, symbol='+', symbolSize=30, symbolBrush=(color))
To plot separate lines we'll create a new array called temperature_2 and populate it with random numbers similar to temperature (now temperature_1). Plotting these alongside each other allows us to compare them together.
Now, you can call plot function twice and this will generate 2 lines on the plot.
self.plot(hour, temperature_1, "Sensor1", 'r')
self.plot(hour, temperature_2, "Sensor2", 'b')
from PyQt6 import QtWidgets, QtCore
from pyqtgraph import PlotWidget, plot
import pyqtgraph as pg
import sys # We need sys so that we can pass argv to QApplication
import os
class MainWindow(QtWidgets.QMainWindow):
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super(MainWindow, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
self.graphWidget = pg.PlotWidget()
self.setCentralWidget(self.graphWidget)
hour = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]
temperature_1 = [30,32,34,32,33,31,29,32,35,45]
temperature_2 = [50,35,44,22,38,32,27,38,32,44]
#Add Background colour to white
self.graphWidget.setBackground('w')
# Add Title
self.graphWidget.setTitle("Your Title Here", color="b", size="30pt")
# Add Axis Labels
styles = {"color": "#f00", "font-size": "20px"}
self.graphWidget.setLabel("left", "Temperature (°C)", **styles)
self.graphWidget.setLabel("bottom", "Hour (H)", **styles)
#Add legend
self.graphWidget.addLegend()
#Add grid
self.graphWidget.showGrid(x=True, y=True)
#Set Range
self.graphWidget.setXRange(0, 10, padding=0)
self.graphWidget.setYRange(20, 55, padding=0)
self.plot(hour, temperature_1, "Sensor1", 'r')
self.plot(hour, temperature_2, "Sensor2", 'b')
def plot(self, x, y, plotname, color):
pen = pg.mkPen(color=color)
self.graphWidget.plot(x, y, name=plotname, pen=pen, symbol='+', symbolSize=30, symbolBrush=(color))
def main():
app = QtWidgets.QApplication(sys.argv)
main = MainWindow()
main.show()
sys.exit(app.exec())
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
2 Line Graph
Play around with this function, customising your markers, line widths, colours and other parameters.
Clearing the plot
Finally, sometimes you might want to clear and refresh the plot periodically. You can easily do that by calling .clear().
self.graphWidget.clear()
This will remove the lines from the plot but keep all other attributes the same.
Updating the plot
While you can simply clear the plot and redraw all your elements again, this means Qt has to destroy and recreate all your QGraphicsScene objects. For small or simple plots this is probably not noticeable, but if you want to create high-peformance streaming plots it is much better to update the data in place. PyQtGraph takes the new data and updates the plotted line to match without affecting any other elements in the plot.
To update a line we need a reference to the line object. This reference is returned when first creating the line using .plot and we can simply store this in a variable. Note that this is a reference to the line not to the plot.
my_line_ref = graphWidget.plot(x, y)
Once we have the reference, updating the plot is simply a case of calling .setData on the reference to apply the new data. In the example below we've take our simple plot demo and expanded it to take a reference to the line.
from PyQt6 import QtWidgets, QtCore
from pyqtgraph import PlotWidget, plot
import pyqtgraph as pg
import sys # We need sys so that we can pass argv to QApplication
import os
from random import randint
class MainWindow(QtWidgets.QMainWindow):
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super(MainWindow, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
self.graphWidget = pg.PlotWidget()
self.setCentralWidget(self.graphWidget)
self.x = list(range(100)) # 100 time points
self.y = [randint(0,100) for _ in range(100)] # 100 data points
self.graphWidget.setBackground('w')
pen = pg.mkPen(color=(255, 0, 0))
self.data_line = self.graphWidget.plot(self.x, self.y, pen=pen)
app = QtWidgets.QApplication(sys.argv)
w = MainWindow()
w.show()
sys.exit(app.exec())
We're going to update our data every 50ms, although PyQtGraph can plot data much more quickly than this it can get hard to watch! To do this we define a Qt timer, and set it to call a custom method update_plot_data where we'll change the data. We define this timer in the __init__ block so it is automatically started. Add the following to the window class:
# ... init continued ...
self.timer = QtCore.QTimer()
self.timer.setInterval(50)
self.timer.timeout.connect(self.update_plot_data)
self.timer.start()
def update_plot_data(self):
self.x = self.x[1:] # Remove the first y element.
self.x.append(self.x[-1] + 1) # Add a new value 1 higher than the last.
self.y = self.y[1:] # Remove the first
self.y.append( randint(0,100)) # Add a new random value.
self.data_line.setData(self.x, self.y) # Update the data.
If you run the app you will see a plot with random data scrolling rapidly to the left, with the X values also updating and scrolling in time, as if streaming data. You can replace the random data with your own real data, taken for example from a live sensor readout or API. PyQtGraph is performant enough to support multiple simultaneous plots using this method.
Conclusion
In this tutorial we've discovered how to draw simple plots with PyQtGraph and customize lines, markers and labels. For a complete overview of PyQtGraph methods and capabilities see the PyQtGraph Documentation & API Reference. The PyQtGraph repository on Github also has complete set of more complex example plots in Plotting.py (shown below).
PyQtGraph Repo Example (Plotting.py)
For more, see the complete PyQt6 tutorial.