Flask is a very popular web application framework that leaves almost all design and architecture decisions up to the developer. In this tutorial, you’ll learn how a Flask Blueprint, or Blueprint for short, can help you structure your Flask application by grouping its functionality into reusable components.
In this tutorial, you’ll learn:
- What Flask Blueprints are and how they work
- How to create and use a Flask Blueprint to organize your code
- How to improve code reusability using your own or a third-party Flask Blueprint
This tutorial assumes that you have some experience using Flask and that you’ve built some applications before. If you haven’t used Flask before, then check out Python Web Applications with Flask (Tutorial Series).
What a Flask Application Looks Like
Let’s start by reviewing the structure of a small Flask application. You can create a small web application by following the steps in this section. To get started, you need to install the Flask Python package. You can run the following command to install Flask using pip:
$ pip install Flask==1.1.1
The above command installs Flask version 1.1.1. This is the version you’ll use throughout this tutorial, though you can apply what you’ll learn here to other versions, as well.
After you install Flask, you’re ready to start implementing its functionality. Since Flask doesn’t impose any restrictions on project structure, you can organize your project’s code as you want. For your first application, you can use a very straightforward layout, as shown below. A single file will contain all the application logic:
The file app.py will contain the definition of the application and its views.
When you create a Flask application, you start by creating a Flask object that represents your application, and then you associate views to routes. Flask takes care of dispatching incoming requests to the correct view based on the request URL and the routes you’ve defined.
In Flask, views can be any callable (like a function) that receives requests and returns the response for that request. Flask is responsible for sending the response back to the user.
The following code block is your application’s full source code:
fromflaskimportFlaskapp=Flask(__name__)@app.route('/')defindex():return"This is an example app"This code creates the object app, which belongs to the Flask class. The view function index() is linked to the route / using the app.route decorator. To learn more about decorators, check out Primer on Python Decorators and Python Decorators 101.
You can run the application with the following command:
By default, Flask will run the application you defined in app.py on port 5000. While the application is running, go to http://localhost:5000 using your web browser. You’ll see a page showing the message, This is an example app.
The chosen project layout is great for very small applications, but it doesn’t scale well. As your code grows, it can become harder for you to maintain everything in a single file. So, when your application grows in size or complexity, you may want to structure your code in a different way to keep it maintainable and clear to understand. Throughout this tutorial, you’ll learn how to use a Flask Blueprint to achieve this.
What a Flask Blueprint Looks Like
Flask Blueprints encapsulate functionality, such as views, templates, and other resources. To get a taste for how a Flask Blueprint would work, you can refactor the previous application by moving the index view into a Flask Blueprint. To do so, you have to create a Flask Blueprint that contains the index view and then use it in the application.
This is what the file structure looks like for this new application:
app/
|
├── app.py
└── example_blueprint.py
example_blueprint.py will contain the Flask Blueprint implementation. You’ll then modify app.py to use it.
The following code block shows how you can implement this Flask Blueprint in example_blueprint.py. It contains a view at the route / that returns the text This is an example app:
fromflaskimportBlueprintexample_blueprint=Blueprint('example_blueprint',__name__)@example_blueprint.route('/')defindex():return"This is an example app"In the above code, you can see the steps common to most Flask Blueprint definitions:
- Create a
Blueprint object called example_blueprint. - Add views to
example_blueprint using the route decorator.
The following code block shows how your application imports and uses the Flask Blueprint:
fromflaskimportFlaskfromexample_blueprintimportexample_blueprintapp=Flask(__name__)app.register_blueprint(example_blueprint)
To use any Flask Blueprint, you have to import it and then register it in the application using register_blueprint(). When a Flask Blueprint is registered, the application is extended with its contents.
You can run the application with the following command:
While the application is running, go to http://localhost:5000 using your web browser. You’ll see a page showing the message, This is an example app.
How Flask Blueprints Work
In this section, you’ll learn in detail how a Flask Blueprint is implemented and used. Each Flask Blueprint is an object that works very similarly to a Flask application. They both can have resources, such as static files, templates, and views that are associated with routes.
However, a Flask Blueprint is not actually an application. It needs to be registered in an application before you can run it. When you register a Flask Blueprint in an application, you’re actually extending the application with the contents of the Blueprint.
This is the key concept behind any Flask Blueprint. They record operations to be executed later when you register them on an application. For example, when you associate a view to a route in a Flask Blueprint, it records this association to be made later in the application when the Blueprint is registered.
Making a Flask Blueprint
Let’s revisit the Flask Blueprint definition that you’ve seen previously and review it in detail. The following code shows the Blueprint object creation:
fromflaskimportBlueprintexample_blueprint=Blueprint('example_blueprint',__name__)Note that in the above code, some arguments are specified when creating the Blueprint object. The first argument, "example_blueprint", is the Blueprint’s name, which is used by Flask’s routing mechanism. The second argument, __name__, is the Blueprint’s import name, which Flask uses to locate the Blueprint’s resources.
There are other optional arguments that you can provide to alter the Blueprint’s behavior:
static_folder: the folder where the Blueprint’s static files can be found
static_url_path: the URL to serve static files from
template_folder: the folder containing the Blueprint’s templates
url_prefix: the path to prepend to all of the Blueprint’s URLs
subdomain: the subdomain that this Blueprint’s routes will match on by default
url_defaults: a dictionary of default values that this Blueprint’s views will receive
root_path: the Blueprint’s root directory path, whose default value is obtained from the Blueprint’s import name
Note that all paths, except root_path, are relative to the Blueprint’s directory.
The Blueprint object example_blueprint has methods and decorators that allow you to record operations to be executed when registering the Flask Blueprint in an application to extend it. One of the most used decorators is route. It allows you to associate a view function to a URL route. The following code block shows how this decorator is used:
@example_blueprint.route('/')defindex():return"This is an example app"You decorate index() using example_blueprint.route and associate the function to the URL /.
Blueprint objects also provide other methods that you may find useful:
- .errorhandler() to register an error handler function
- .before_before()() to execute an action before every request
- .after_request() to execute an action after every request
- .app_template_filter() to register a template filter at the application level
You can learn more about using Blueprints and the Blueprint class in the Flask Blueprints Documentation.
Registering the Blueprint in Your Application
Recall that a Flask Blueprint is not actually an application. When you register the Flask Blueprint in an application, you extend the application with its contents. The following code shows how you can register the previously-created Flask Blueprint in an application:
fromflaskimportFlaskfromexample_blueprintimportexample_blueprintapp=Flask(__name__)app.register_blueprint(example_blueprint)
When you call .register_blueprint(), you apply all operations recorded in the Flask Blueprint example_blueprint to app. Now, requests to the app for the URL / will be served using .index() from the Flask Blueprint.
You can customize how the Flask Blueprint extends the application by providing some parameters to register_blueprint:
- url_prefix is an optional prefix for all the Blueprint’s routes.
- subdomain is a subdomain that Blueprint routes will match.
- url_defaults is a dictionary with default values for view arguments.
Being able to do some customization at registration time, instead of at creation time, is particularly useful when you’re sharing the same Flask Blueprint in different projects.
In this section, you’ve seen how Flask Blueprints work and how you can create them and use them. In the following sections, you’ll learn how you can leverage a Flask Blueprint to architect your applications, structuring them into independent components. In some cases, it’s also possible for you to reuse these components in different applications to reduce development time!
How to Use Flask Blueprints to Architect Your Application’s Code
In this section, you’re going to see how you can refactor an example application using a Flask Blueprint. The example application is an e-commerce site with the following features:
- Visitors can sign up, log in, and recover passwords.
- Visitors can search for products and view their details.
- Users can add products to their cart and checkout.
- An API enables external systems to search and retrieve product information.
You don’t need to care much about the details of the implementation. Instead, you’ll focus mainly on how a Flask Blueprint can be used to improve the application’s architecture.
Understanding Why Project Layout Matters
Remember, Flask does not enforce any particular project layout. It’s completely feasible to organize this application’s code as follows:
ecommerce/
|
├── static/
| ├── logo.png
| ├── main.css
| ├── generic.js
| └── product_view.js
|
├── templates/
| ├── login.html
| ├── forgot_password.html
| ├── signup.html
| ├── checkout.html
| ├── cart_view.html
| ├── index.html
| ├── products_list.html
| └── product_view.html
|
├── app.py
├── config.py
└── models.py
This application’s code is organized using these directories and files:
- static/ contains the application’s static files.
- templates/ contains the application’s templates.
- models.py contains the definition of the application’s models.
- app.py contains the application logic.
- config.py contains the application configuration parameters.
This is an example of how many applications begin. Although this layout is pretty straightforward, it has several drawbacks that arise as the app complexity increases. For example, it will be hard for you to reuse the application logic in other projects because all the functionality is bundled in app.py. If you split this functionality into modules instead, then you could reuse complete modules across different projects.
Also, if you have just one file for the application logic, then you would end up with a very large app.py that mixes code that’s nearly unrelated. This can make it hard for you to navigate and maintain the script.
What’s more, large code files are a source of conflicts when you’re working in a team, since everybody will be making changes to the same file. These are just a few reasons why the previous layout is only good for very small applications.
Organizing Your Projects
Instead of structuring the application using the previous layout, you can leverage a Flask Blueprint to split the code into different modules. In this section, you’ll see how to architect the previous application to make Blueprints that encapsulate related functionality. In this layout, there are five Flask Blueprints:
- API Blueprint to enable external systems to search and retrieve product information
- Authentication Blueprint to enable users to log in and recover their password
- Cart Blueprint for cart and checkout functionality
- General Blueprint for the homepage
- Products Blueprint for searching and viewing products
If you use a separate directory for each Flask Blueprint and its resources, then the project layout would look as follows:
ecommerce/
|
├── api/
| ├── __init__.py
| └── api.py
|
├── auth/
| ├── templates/
| | └── auth/
| | ├── login.html
| | ├── forgot_password.html
| | └── signup.html
| |
| ├── __init__.py
| └── auth.py
|
├── cart/
| ├── templates/
| | └── cart/
| | ├── checkout.html
| | └── view.html
| |
| ├── __init__.py
| └── cart.py
|
├── general/
| ├── templates/
| | └── general/
| | └── index.html
| |
| ├── __init__.py
| └── general.py
|
├── products/
| ├── static/
| | └── view.js
| |
| ├── templates/
| | └── products/
| | ├── list.html
| | └── view.html
| |
| ├── __init__.py
| └── products.py
|
├── static/
| ├── logo.png
| ├── main.css
| └── generic.js
|
├── app.py
├── config.py
└── models.py
To organize code in this way, you move all views from app.py into the corresponding Flask Blueprint. You also moved templates and non-global static files. This structure makes it easier for you to find the code and resources related to a given functionality. For example, if you want to find the application logic about products, then you can go to the Products Blueprint in products/products.py instead of scrolling through app.py.
Let’s see the Products Blueprint implementation in products/products.py:
fromflaskimportBlueprint,render_templatefromecommerce.modelsimportProductproducts_bp=Blueprint('products_bp',__name__,template_folder='template',static_folder='static',static_url_path='assets')@products_bp.route('/')deflist():products=Product.query.all()returnrender_template('products/list.html',products=products)@products_bp.route('/view/<int:product_id>')defview(product_id):product=Product.query.get(product_id)returnrender_template('products/view.html',product=product)This code defines the products_bp Flask Blueprint and contains only the code that’s related to product functionality. Since this Flask Blueprint has its own templates, you need to specify the template_folder relative to the Blueprint’s root in the Blueprint object creation. Since you specify static_folder='static' and static_url_path='assets', files in ecommerce/products/static/ will be served under the /assets/ URL.
Now you can move the rest of your code’s functionality to the corresponding Flask Blueprint. In other words, you can create Blueprints for API, authentication, cart, and general functionality. Once you’ve done so, the only code left in app.py will be code that deals with application initialization and Flask Blueprint registration:
fromflaskimportFlaskfromecommmerce.api.apiimportapi_bpfromecommmerce.auth.authimportauth_bpfromecommmerce.cart.cartimportcart_bpfromecommmerce.general.generalimportgeneral_bpfromecommmerce.products.productsimportproducts_bpapp=Flask(__name__)app.register_blueprint(api_bp,url_prefix='/api')app.register_blueprint(auth_bp)app.register_blueprint(cart_bp,url_prefix='/cart')app.register_blueprint(general_bp)app.register_blueprint(products_bp,url_prefix='/products')
Now, app.py simply imports and registers the Blueprints to extend the application. Since you use url_prefix, you can avoid URL collisions between Flask Blueprint routes. For example, the URLs /products/ and /cart/ resolve to different endpoints defined in the products_bp and cart_bp Blueprints for the same route, /.
Including Templates
In Flask, when a view renders a template, the template file is searched in all the directories that were registered in the application’s template search path. By default, this path is ["/templates"], so templates are only searched for in the /templates directory inside the application’s root directory.
If you set the template_folder argument in a Blueprint’s creation, then its templates folder is added to the application’s template search path when the Flask Blueprint is registered. However, if there are duplicated file paths under different directories that are part of the template search path, then one will take precedence, depending on their registration order.
For example, if a view requests the template view.html and there are files with this same name in different directories in the template search path, then one of these will take precedence over the other. Since it may be hard to remember the precedence order, it’s best to avoid having files under the same path in different template directories. That’s why the following structure for the templates in the application makes sense:
ecommerce/
|
└── products/
└── templates/
└── products/
├── search.html
└── view.html
At first, it may look redundant to have the Flask Blueprint name appear twice:
- As the Blueprint’s root directory
- Inside the templates directory
However, know that by doing this, you can avoid possible template name collisions between different Blueprints. Using this directory structure, any views requiring the view.html template for products can use products/view.html as the template file name when calling render_template. This avoids conflicts with the view.html that belongs to the Cart Blueprint.
As a final note, it’s important to know that templates in the application’s template directory have greater precedence than those inside the Blueprint’s template directory. This can be useful to know if you want to override Flask Blueprint templates without actually modifying the template file.
For example, if you wanted to override the template products/view.html in the Products Blueprint, then you can accomplish this by creating a new file products/view.html in the application templates directory:
ecommerce/
|
├── products/
| └── templates/
| └── products/
| ├── search.html
| └── view.html
|
└── templates/
└── products/
└── view.html
When you do this, your program will use templates/products/view.html instead of products/templates/products/view.html whenever a view requires the template products/view.html.
Providing Functionality Other Than Views
So far, you’ve only seen Blueprints that extend applications with views, but Flask Blueprints don’t have to provide just views! They can extend applications with templates, static files, and template filters. For example, you could create a Flask Blueprint to provide a set of icons and use it across your applications. This would be the file structure for such a Blueprint:
app/
|
└── icons/
├── static/
| ├── add.png
| ├── remove.png
| └── save.png
|
├── __init__.py
└── icons.py
The static folder contains the icon files and icons.py is the Flask Blueprint definition.
This is how icons.py might look:
fromflaskimportBlueprinticons_bp=Blueprint('icons_bp',__name__,static_folder='static',static_url_path='icons')This code defines the icons_bp Flask Blueprint that exposes the files in the static directory under the /icons/ URL. Note that this Blueprint does not define any route.
When you can create Blueprints that package views and other types of content, you make your code and assets more reusable across your applications. You’ll learn more about Flask Blueprint reusability in the following section.
How to Use Flask Blueprints to Improve Code Reuse
Besides code organization, there’s another advantage to structuring your Flask application as a collection of independent components. You can reuse these components even across different applications! For example, if you created a Flask Blueprint that provides functionality for a contact form, then you can reuse it in all your applications.
You can also leverage Blueprints created by other developers to accelerate your work. While there’s no centralized repository for existing Flask Blueprints, you can find them using the Python Package Index, GitHub Search, and web search engines. You can learn more about searching PyPI packages in What Is Pip? A Guide for New Pythonistas.
There are various Flask Blueprints and Flask Extensions (which are implemented using Blueprints) that provide functionality that you may find useful:
- Authentication
- Admin/CRUD generation
- CMS functionality
- And more!
Instead of coding your application from scratch, you may consider searching for an existing Flask Blueprint or Extension that you can reuse. Leveraging third-party Blueprints and Extensions can help you to reduce development time and keep your focus on your application’s core logic!
Conclusion
In this tutorial, you’ve seen how Flask Blueprints work, how to use them, and how they can help you to organize your application’s code. Flask Blueprints are a great tool for dealing with application complexity as it increases.
You’ve learned:
- What Flask Blueprints are and how they work
- How you can implement and use a Flask Blueprint
- How Flask Blueprints can help you to organize your application’s code
- How you can use Flask Blueprints to ease the reusability of your own and third-party components
- How using a Flask Blueprint in your project can reduce development time
You can use what you’ve learned in this tutorial to start organizing your applications as a set of blueprints. When you architect your applications this way, you’ll improve code reuse, maintainability, and teamwork!
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