With a little training or basic knowledge in programming, it is quite possible to develop a full web application with the help of full-stack frameworks like Web2py.
What you will learn:
In this tutorial, we will learn how to:
- Implement Web2py’s
send.mail()to set up or configure emails and finally show how to send emails to users.
Prior to that, we will also cover:
- The core of Web2py
- Where to get the binary distribution for a specific operating system and how to install it
- How to start the administrative interface via the GUI
- Configure the mail settings via the mailer class and send mail
Web2py like other frameworks written in python have a steep learning curve but it is quite flexible than the others.
Introduction to Web2py:
Web2py is a full stack framework written in Python and programmable in Python. Web2py was created by Massimo Di Pierro in 2008. Since its inception, diverse projects such http://www.rockiger.com, http://tenthrow.com and others have benefitted from Web2py. We can go on and on forever, but let’s briefly introduce Web2py to the world.
Unlike other traditional programming languages, Web2py follows the model-view-controller concept.
Below is the representation of the MVC concept :
- Model –
db.py: The model includes the logic of the application or the application logic. In the model, there are objects which retrieves and stores objects in the database. - Controller –
default.py: Controller handles user interaction, send data input to the specific model and may be able to read data from the view. - View –
default/contact.html: The view helps with data representation. The data is fetched from the model and then rendered to the end users.
In addition, it supports various protocols such as RSS, CSV, HTML, JSON, RTF, and XML. For instance, let’s say a user requests for a page in XML, Web2py searches for a view that can render the dictionary in XML.
Web2py also includes the CRUD application— an acronym which defines the basic or elemental functions of a database. The basic functions of a database include Create, Delete, Update, and Retrieve.
Finally, Web2py has its own customized mechanisms to take care of security issues such as information leakage, broken authentication, and cross-site scripting.
For instance, Web2py handles broken authentication by providing a mechanism for the administrative interface and allows secure sessions when the client is not “ localhost”.
Installing Web2py
If you already have Web2py installed on your machine, feel free to skip this section.
Binary packages for Web2py are available for operating systems such as Windows, and Linux/Unix . Here is the download link http://www.web2py.com/init/default/download for your convenience.
For Linux users:
Step 1 : Download Web2py from http://www.web2py.com/init/default/download
cd /home
mkdir www-dev
cd www-dev
Wget http://www.web2py.com/examples/static/web2py_src.zip
Step 2: Unzip x web2py_src.zip after downloading
Step 3 cd web2py — change the directory to web2py to start the server.
python web2py.py
For Windows users:
Step 1 : Download the source package from Web2py official website, save it and unzip it later.
Step 2: Within the folder, move your mouse to web2py.exe and double click it.
Step 3: Seconds later, the administrative interface should appear. Enter a custom password. As we can see, the default IP address for the web server is 127.0.0.1. However, you can decide to specify or customize your own IP address. The server port is 8000 (local host).
A new window should pop up, displaying a welcome page like the one below:
Starting the Administrative Interface:
In order to access administrative functions, we need to sign up to the Web2py then log in. However, we can directly access the administrative files by providing our administrative credentials.
After entering the administrator password, we can then have access to the administrative interface. The administrative interface is composed of already installed applications.
By default, the Web2py framework comes with three applications, namely:
- Admin application
- Examples application
- Welcome application
We are currently in the admin application. For the examples application, it is made up of online interactive documentation and an instance of Web2py website. The welcome application, also known as the scaffolding application, contains a basic template for designing any other Web2py application.
Let’s design a basic “HelloWorld!” just to see how it works.
Afterward, we edit the default.py by making the following changes to the function index. The default.py represents the controller which allows user interaction and can also read data from the view.
def index():
"""
example action using the internationalization operator T and flash
rendered by views/default/index.html or views/generic.html
if you need a simple wiki simply replace the two lines below with:
return auth.wiki()
"""
response.flash = T("Hello World")
return "Welcome to my world of web development!"The “Welcome to my world of wed development” is displayed after entering: 127.0.0.1:8000/HelloWorld
Using Web2py for Email Services
With the help of the inbuilt class gluon.tools mail, we can send emails to our contacts or users. Beneath the Example application, click on Welcome Application. Inside, the Welcome Application, under the Models, click on db.py
Afterward, define the mailer with this class. Moreover, for debugging purposes, replace the ‘username:password’ with logging.
from gluon. tools import Mail
mail = Mail ()
mail = auth.settings.server
mail.settings.server = ‘smtp.project.com:25’
mail.settings.sender = ‘xyz@project.com.’
mail.settings.login = ‘username: password’
Sending Email from Web2py
You can use your Gmail account to send messages from one of your accounts to the another mail account.
You must also ensure that you enter the once-entered password Google provides with apps (i.e. Web2py) you intend to use to allow to use Gmail services https://security.google.com/settings/security/apppasswords?pli=1. Failing to do so may lead to errors.
We have already set the configuration settings purposely for sending emails with the mail object, we can now structure the mail.send() syntax to send message(s) to other contacts.
message='None', attachments=[],
cc=[], bcc=[], reply_to=[],
sender=None, encoding='utf-8',
raw=True,
headers={})
The attributes cc and bcc allows to the sender to include valid email address apart from the main recipient. Below is a simple way to implement the mail.send() to send messages:
mail.send(to=['xyz@project.com'],
subject='Web2py Project',
reply_to='xyz@project.com',
message='This is how Web2py implements mail.send() ')
Wrapping up
Apart from you using the mail.send() to send messages to users or contacts, Web2py provides another module specifically for SMS which differs from the mail.send() because it relies on a third-party service. Web2py is full-stack framework which includes integrated SQL database, and security mechanism to handle common web-application vulnerabilities.
And on top of it all, its ability to send messages from mail services is one of its unique features. You can try your hands with send.mail() to find out how easy it is to use. Finally, I recommend and prefer Web2py framework to other frameworks written and programmable in Python due to its flexible learning curve.
###Author’s Bio
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Michael is a budding Cybersecurity Engineer and a technical writer based in Ghana, Africa. He works with AmericanEyes Security as a part-time WordPress security consultant. He is interested in Ruby on Rails and PHP security.